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Judo - Sunrise, Florida, Plantation,
Florida, Tamarac, Weston, Davie, Lauderhill, Ft. Lauderdale, Cooper
City, Coral Springs Florida, Wilton Manors, Judo. .Plantation is
near Sunrise. Plantation Florida is very close to Jun Kim's
Martial Arts Center in Sunrise Florida.
Judo (柔道, jūdō?), meaning "gentle way",
is a modern Japanese martial art (gendai budō) and combat sport,
that originated in Japan in the late nineteenth century. Its most
prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to
either throw one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise
subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an
opponent to submit by joint locking the elbow or by applying a
choke. Strikes and thrusts (by hands and feet) - as well as weapons
defences - are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (Kata)
and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori).
Ultimately, the philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for
judo became the model for almost all modern Japanese martial arts
that developed from "traditional" schools (koryū).
Practitioners of judo are called jūdōka.
Jun Kim's Martial Arts Center, Sunrise
Florida
Contents [hide]
1 History and philosophy
1.1 Early life of the founder
1.2 Founder pursues jujutsu
1.3 Founding
1.4 Meaning of "judo"
2 Combat phases
2.1 Sparring
2.2 Balanced approach
2.3 Standing
2.4 Ground
2.4.1 Hold-downs and pins
2.4.2 The 'guard' and 'body scissors'
2.4.3 Joint locks
2.4.4 Chokes and strangulations
3 Uniform
4 Techniques
5 Forms (Kata)
6 Rank and grading
6.1 Belt colours
6.1.1 Europe
6.1.2 Brazil
6.1.3 United States
6.1.3.1 Seniors
6.1.3.2 Juniors
6.1.3.3 Belt pattern choice
6.1.3.4 Advancement in rank
7 Styles
8 Sport
8.1 Rules
8.2 Competition scoring
8.3 In competition
8.4 Mixed martial arts
9 Judo organizations
10 Judoka
11 See also
12 Footnotes
13 Sources
14 External links
14.1 Videos of judo
[edit] History and philosophy
Kano Jigoro.
[edit] Early life of the founder
The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese
polymath and educator Kano Jigoro (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō, 18601938).
Kano was born into a well-to-do Japanese family. His grandfather was
a self-made man: a sake brewer from Shiga prefecture in central
Japan. However, Kano's father was not the eldest son and therefore
did not inherit the business. Instead, he became a Shinto priest and
government official, with enough influence for his son to enter the
second incoming class of Tokyo Imperial University.
[edit] Founder pursues jujutsu
Kano was a small, frail boy, who, even in his twenties, did not
weigh more than a hundred pounds (45kg), and was often picked on by
bullies. He first started pursuing jujutsu, at that time a dying[1]
art, at the age of 17, but met with little success. This was in part
due to difficulties finding a teacher who would take him on as a
student. When he went to university to study literature at the age
of 18, he continued his martial arts studies, eventually gaining a
referral to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828c.1880), a master of the
Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and grandfather of noted jūdōka Keiko Fukuda
(Fukuda Keiko, born 1913), who is one of Kano's oldest surviving
students. Fukuda Hachinosuke is said to have emphasized technique
over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis of free
practice (randori) in judo.
A little more than a year after Kano joined Fukuda's school, Fukuda
became ill and died. Kano then became a student in another Tenjin
Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820c.1881), who put
more emphasis on the practice of pre-arranged forms (kata) than
Fukuda had. Through dedication, Kano quickly earned the title of
master instructor (shihan) and became assistant instructor to Iso at
the age of 21. Unfortunately, Iso soon took ill, and Kano, feeling
that he still had much to learn, took up another style, becoming a
student of Tsunetoshi Iikubo of Kitō-ryū. Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed
much emphasis on free practice. On the other hand, Kitō-ryū
emphasized throwing techniques to a much greater degree than Tenjin
Shin'yō-ryū.
[edit] Founding
Formalism and strict conduct are typical of traditional judo.By this
time, Kano was devising new techniques, such as the "shoulder wheel"
(kata-guruma, known as a fireman's carry to Western wrestlers who
use a slightly different form of this technique) and the "floating
hip" (uki goshi) throw. However, he was already thinking about doing
far more than just expanding the canons of Kitō-ryū and Tenjin
Shin'yō-ryū. Full of new ideas, Kano had in mind a major reformation
of jujutsu, with techniques based on sound scientific principles,
and with focus on development of the body, mind and character of
young men in addition to development of martial prowess. At the age
of 22, when he was just about to finish his degree at the
University, Kano took nine students from Iikubo's school to study
jujutsu under him at the Eisho-ji, a Buddhist temple in Kamakura,
and Iikubo came to the temple three days a week to help teach.
Although two years would pass before the temple would be called by
the name "Kodokan", or "place for teaching the way", and Kano had
not yet been accorded the title of "master" in the Kitō-ryū, this is
now regarded as the Kodokan's founding.
[edit] Meaning of "judo"
The word "judo" shares the same root ideogram as "jujutsu": "jū" (柔,
"jū"?), which may mean "gentleness", "softness", "suppleness", and
even "easy", depending on its context. Such attempts to translate jū
are deceptive, however. The use of jū in each of these words is an
explicit reference to the martial arts principle of the "soft
method" (柔法, jūhō?). The soft method is characterized by the
indirect application of force to defeat an opponent. More
specifically, it is the principle of using one's opponent's strength
against him and adapting well to changing circumstances. For
example, if the attacker was to push against his opponent he would
find his opponent stepping to the side and allowing his momentum
(often with the aid of a foot to trip him up) to throw him forwards
(the inverse being true for pulling.) Kano saw jujutsu as a
disconnected bag of tricks, and sought to unify it according to a
principle, which he found in the notion of "maximum efficiency".
Jujutsu techniques that relied solely on superior strength were
discarded or adapted in favour of those that involved redirecting
the opponent's force, off-balancing the opponent, or making use of
superior leverage.
The second characters of judo and jujutsu differ. Where jujutsu (柔術,
jūjutsu?) means the "art" or "science" of softness, judo (柔道, jūdō?)
means the "way" of softness. The use of "dō" (道, "dō"?), meaning
way, road or path (and is the same character as the Chinese word "tao"),
has spiritual or philosophical overtones. Use of this word is a
deliberate departure from ancient martial arts, whose sole purpose
was for killing. Kano saw judo as a means for governing and
improving oneself physically, mentally, emotionally and morally. He
even extended the physical principle of maximum efficiency into
daily life, evolving it into "mutual prosperity". In this respect,
judo is seen as a holistic approach to life extending well beyond
the confines of the dojo.
[edit] Combat phases
In judo, there are two main phases of combat: the standing (tachi-waza)
and the ground (ne-waza) phase. Each phase requires its own (mostly
separate) techniques, strategies, randori, conditioning and so on.
Special training is also devoted to "transitional" techniques to
bridge the gap. Jūdōka may become quite skilled in one phase and be
rather weak in the other, depending on where their interests most
lie, although most are balanced between the two.
Tachi-waza ends and ne-waza begins once the jūdōka go to the ground.
The throw pictured is ōuchi-gari.
[edit] Sparring
Judo emphasizes a free-style sparring, called randori, as one of its
main forms of training. Part of the combat time is spent sparring
standing up, called tachi-waza, and the other part on the ground,
called ne-waza. Sparring, even subject to safety rules, is much more
practically effective than only practicing techniques on their own,
which is what jujutsuka were used to doing. Using full strength
develops the muscles and cardio-vascular system on the physical side
of things, and it develops strategy and reaction time on the mental
side of things, and helps the practitioner learn to use techniques
against a resisting opponent. A common saying among judoka is "The
best training for judo is judo."
There are several types of sparring exercises, such as ju renshu
(both judoka attack in a very gentle way where no resistance is
applied); and kakari geiko (only one judoka attacks while the other
one relies solely on defensive and evasive techniques, but without
the use of sheer strength.)
[edit] Balanced approach
Judo's balance between both the standing and ground phases of combat
gives judoka the ability to take down opponents who are standing up
and then pin and submit them on the ground. This balanced theory of
combat has made judo a popular choice of martial art or combat sport
for many people.
[edit] Standing
In the standing phase, which has primacy according to the contest
rules, the opponents attempt to throw each other. Although standing
joint-lock and choke/strangulation submission techniques are legal
in the standing phase,[2] they are quite rare due to the fact that
they are much harder to apply standing than throws are. Some jūdōka,
however, are very skilled in combining takedowns with submissions,
where a submission technique is begun standing and finished on the
ground.
Strikes (i.e. punches, kicks, etc...) are not allowed due to their
certainty of injury, but an athlete is supposed to "take them into
consideration" while training by, for example, not fighting in a
bent-over position for long, since this position is vulnerable to
knee-strikes and other striking attacks.
The main purpose of the throwing techniques (nage waza) is to take
an opponent who is standing on his feet, mobile and dangerous, down
onto his back where he cannot move as effectively. Thus, the main
reason for throwing the opponent is to control the opponent and to
put oneself in a dominant position. In this way the practitioner has
more potential to render a decisive outcome. Another reason to throw
the opponent is to shock his body through smashing him forcefully
onto the ground. If an exponent executes a powerful yet fully
controlled throw, he can win a match outright on the basis that he
has displayed sufficient superiority. In fact, this kind of victory
is very difficult to achieve if the opponents are equally matched.
Therefore, lesser points are given for lesser throws in the standing
phase of combat.
In a real fight, throwing an opponent in itself can also shock and
injure them, and the impact can potentially knock the opponent
unconscious (depending on the hardness of the fighting surface).
In keeping with Kano's emphasis on scientific analysis and
reasoning, the standard Kokokan judo pedagogy dictates that any
throwing technique is theoretically a four phased event:
off-balancing (kuzushi); body positioning (作り, tsukuri?); execution
(掛け, kake?); and finally the finish or coup de grβce (極め, kime?).
Each phase follows the previous one with great rapidity - ideally
they happen almost simultaneously.
[edit] Ground
After a non-ippon throw occurs (whether or not it scores anything),
combat may continue on the ground.
In the ground phase, which is considered the secondary phase of
combat, the opponents try to pin each other, or to get the opponent
to submit either by using armlocks (leglocks are not allowed due to
safety regulations) or by chokes and strangulations.
[edit] Hold-downs and pins
Hold-downs and pins (押さえ込み, osaekomi?) are important since in a real
fight the person who has control of his opponent can hit him with
punches, knees, headbutts, and other strikes. If osaekomi is
maintained for twenty-five seconds, the person doing the pinning
wins the match. According to the rules as they stood in 1905, it was
only necesary to pin an opponent, on his shoulders, for two seconds
- said to reflect the time necessary for a samurai to reach his
knife or sword and dispatch his pinned opponent. The newer longer
requirements reflect the combat reality that a fighter must
immobilize his opponent for a substantial amount of time in order to
strike effectively.
The score for a pin is determined by how long the pin is held. A pin
may sometimes result in a submission if the opponent is exhausted or
cannot endure the pressure from the pin.
Jun Kim's Martial Arts Center, Sunrise
Florida
[edit] The 'guard' and 'body scissors'
If the person being held down has wrapped his legs around any part
of his opponent's lower body or trunk, he is pinning his opponent as
much as he is being pinned, because his opponent cannot get up and
flee unless the person on the bottom lets go. While his legs are
wrapped around his opponent, the person on the bottom can employ
various attacking techniques, including strangles, armlocks and
"body scissors" (do-jime), while controlling the opponent so that he
cannot effectively strike from above. In this position, often
referred to as the "guard" in English, the person on top does not
have enough control over his adversary for the position to be
considered osaekomi. (Note that while the guard is commonly used,
do-jime is no longer legal in competition judo.) The person on top
can try to pass his opponent's legs and pin or submit him, or he may
try to break out of his opponent's guard and stand up. The person on
the bottom can try to submit his opponent from his guard or roll his
opponent over to get on top of him.
[edit] Joint locks
Joint locks (kansetsu-waza) are effective combat techniques because
they enable a jūdōka to control his opponent through
pain-compliance, or if necessary, to cause breakage of the locked
joint. Joint locks on the elbow are considered safe enough to
perform at nearly full-force in competition to force submission from
one's opponent. Judo has, in the past, allowed leglocks, wristlocks,
spinal locks and various other techniques that have since been
disallowed in competition to protect athletes' safety. It was
decided that attacking those other joints would result in many
injuries to the athletes and would cause a gradual deterioration of
these joints. Even so, some jūdōka still enjoy learning and fighting
each other informally using these techniques that are banned from
formal competitions, and many of these techniques are still actively
used in other arts such as sambo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and jujutsu.
[edit] Chokes and strangulations
Chokes and strangulations (締め技, shime-waza?) enable the one applying
the choke to force the adversary into unconsciousness and even
death. Strangulation cuts off the blood supply to the brain via
compression on the sides of the neck, while a choke blocks the
airway from the front of the neck. The terms are frequently
interchangeable in common usage, and a formal differentiation is not
made by most jūdōka. In competition, the jūdōka wins if the opponent
submits or becomes unconscious. A strangle, once properly locked in,
can render an opponent unconscious in just a few seconds. Although
these are potentially lethal techniques, a properly-applied
chokehold, if released promptly upon submission or unconsciousness,
causes no injury or lasting discomfort.
When practicing ne-waza, the practitioners may start from their
knees.
[edit] Uniform
The jūdōgi is of a heavier weave in order to withstand the stresses
of throwing and grappling.Judo practitioners traditionally wear
white uniforms called jūdōgi, which simply means "judo uniform", for
practising judo. Sometimes the word is seen shortened simply to "gi"
(uniform). The jūdōgi was created by Kano in 1907, and similar
uniforms were later adopted by many other martial arts.[citation
needed] The modern jūdōgi consists of white or blue cotton
drawstring pants and a matching white or blue quilted cotton jacket,
fastened by a belt (obi). The belt is usually coloured to indicate
rank. The jacket is intended to withstand the stresses of grappling,
and as a result, is much thicker than that of a karate uniform (karategi).
The modern use of the blue judogi was first suggested by Anton
Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[3] Before
competition, a blue jūdōgi is worn by one of the two competitors for
ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan,
both judoka still use a white judogi and the traditional red sash
(based on the flag's colours) is affixed to the belt of one
competitor. In Europe and North America, a coloured sash is
typically used for convenience in local competitions, while a blue
jūdōgi is worn by one competitor at the regional, national, or
Olympic levels where the visibility, particularly for television
cameras, is more important than tradition or convenience. Japanese
practitioners and purists tend to look down on the use of blue
jūdōgi.[3]
[edit] Techniques
For images, videos, and descriptions of Judo techniques see http://judoinfo.com/techjudo.htm.
For a list of Judo techniques, see Judo techniques.
See also: List of Kodokan Judo techniques
While judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, pins, chokes,
joint-locks, and strikes, the primary focus is on throwing (投げ技,
nage-waza?), and groundwork (ne-waza). Throws are divided in two
groups of techniques, standing techniques (tachi-waza), and
sacrifice techniques (捨身技, sutemi-waza?). Standing techniques are
further divided into hand techniques (手技, te-waza?), hip techniques
(腰技, koshi-waza?), and foot and leg techniques (足技, ashi-waza?).
Sacrifice techniques are divided into those in which the thrower
falls directly backwards (真捨身技, ma-sutemi-waza?), and those in which
he falls onto his side (橫捨身技, yoko-sutemi-waza?).
The ground fighting techniques are divided into attacks against the
joints or joint locks (関節技, kansetsu-waza?), strangleholds or
chokeholds (絞技, shime-waza?), and holding or pinning techniques
(押込技, osaekomi-waza?).
A kind of sparring is practised in judo, known as randori (乱取り,
randori?), meaning "free practice". In randori, two adversaries may
attack each other with any judo throw or grappling technique.
Striking techniques (atemi-waza) such as kicking and punching, along
with knife and sword techniques are retained in the kata. This form
of pedagogy is usually reserved for higher ranking practitioners
(for instance, in the kime-no-kata), but are forbidden in contest,
and usually prohibited in randori for reasons of safety. Also for
reasons of safety, chokeholds, joint locking, and the sacrifice
techniques, which can be very spectacular but often dangerous, are
subject to age or rank restrictions. For example, in the United
States one must be 13 or older to use chokeholds, and 16 or older to
use armlocks.
Jun Kim's Martial Arts Center, Sunrise
Florida
In randori and tournament (shiai) practice, when an opponent
successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one submits, or
"taps out", by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a
manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs the
match is over, the tapping player has lost, and the chokehold or
joint lock ceases. This allows a safe end to the match, and injuries
related to these holds are quite rare.
[edit] Forms (Kata)
Forms (kata) are pre-arranged patterns of attack and defence, which
in judo are practiced with a partner for the purpose of perfecting
judo techniques. More specifically, their purposes include
illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct
execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon
which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that
are not allowed in competition, and to preserve ancient techniques
that are historically important but are no longer used in
contemporary judo.
Knowledge of various kata is a requirement for the attainment of a
higher rank.
There are seven kata that are recognised by the Kodokan today:
Free practice forms (Randori no Kata), comprising two kata:
Throwing forms (Nage no Kata)
Grappling forms (Katame no Kata)
Old style self-defence forms (Kime no Kata)
Modern self-defence forms (Kodokan Goshin Jutsu)
Forms of "gentleness" (Ju no Kata)
The five forms (Itsutsu no Kata)
Ancient forms (Koshiki no Kata)
Maximum-efficiency national physical education kata (Seiryoku Zen'yō
Kokumin Taiiku no Kata)
There are also other kata that are not officially recognised by the
Kodokan but that continue to be practiced. The most prominent
example of these is the Go no sen no kata, a kata that focuses on
counter-attacks to attempted throws.
[edit] Rank and grading
Judo rank is generally not of primary importance among jūdōka who
participate in tournaments. Modern judo is primarily practised as a
sport, so there tends to be more emphasis on tournament records than
on rank. Since rank does not determine competitive performance, and
since tournaments are not structured by rank (except at the lowest
novice levels), it is not uncommon to see lower-ranked competitors
defeat higher-ranked opponents. An active competitor may not pursue
high ranks, preferring to focus on preparation for competition; for
example, a silver medal was won by an ikkyu (brown belt) female
competitor, Lorena Pierce, in the -70 kg category at the 2004
Paralympics. Since rank requirements typically include a minimum
age, it is not uncommon to find teenage competitors at
national-level competition who have been practicing judo for 10
years and can beat most adult practitioners, but who are only purple
or brown belts due to being too young to qualify for a dan rank.
Once an individual attains the level of a dan rank, further
promotions can be granted for a variety of reasons including skill
level, competition performance and/or contributions to judo such as
teaching and volunteering time, therefore a higher dan rank does not
necessarily mean that the holder is a better fighter (although
oftentimes it does).
Jūdōka are ranked according to skill and knowledge of judo, and
their rank is reflected by their belt colour. There are two
divisions of rank, below black-belt "grades" (kyū), and black belt
"degrees" (dan). This ranking system was introduced into the martial
arts by Kano and has since been widely adopted by modern martial
arts.[citation needed] As initially designed, there were six student
grades, which were numerically ranked in descending order, with 1st
kyū being the last before promotion to first degree black belt (shodan).
There are ordinarily 10 dan ranks are in ascending numerical order.
For dan ranks the first five are coloured black, 6th, 7th, and 8th
dan have alternating red and white panels, and for 9th and 10th dan
the belts were to be solid red.
The tenth degree black belt (jūdan) and those above it have no
formal requirements. The president of the Kodokan, currently Kano
Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano (Kano Yukimitsu), decides on
individuals for promotion. Only fifteen individuals have been
promoted to this rank by the Kodokan. On January 6, 2006, three
individuals were promoted to 10th dan simultaneously: Toshiro Daigo,
Ichiro Abe, and Yoshimi Osawa. This is the most ever at the same
time, and the first in 22 years. No one has ever been promoted to a
rank higher than 10th dan, but:
Theoretically the Judo rank system is not limited to 10 degrees of
black belt. The original English language copy (1955) of Illustrated
Kodokan Judo, by Jigoro Kano, says: "There is no limit...on the
grade one can receive. Therefore if one does reach a stage above
10th dan... there is no reason why he should not be promoted to 11th
dan." However, since there has never been any promotion to a rank
above 10th dan, the Kodokan Judo promotion system effectively has
only 10 dans. There have only been 15 10th dans awarded by the
Kodokan in the history of Judo.[4]
Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national
organisations there is more variation in the kyū grades, with some
countries having more kyū grades. Although initially kyū grade belt
colours were uniformly white, today a wide variety of colours can be
seen.
[edit] Belt colours
In Japan, the use of belt colours is conversely related to the age
of the student. Some clubs will only have black and white, others
will include a brown belt for advanced kyū grades and at the
elementary school level it is common to see a green belt for
intermediate levels.
Some countries also use coloured tips on belts, to indicate junior
age groups, and historically, women's belts had a white stripe along
the centre.
Examination requirements vary depending on country, age group and of
course the grade being attempted. The examination itself may include
competition and forms. The kyū ranks are normally awarded by local
instructors (sensei), but dan ranks are usually awarded only after
an exam supervised by independent judges from a national judo
association. For a rank to be recognised it must be registered with
the national judo organisation or the Kodokan.
Typical European colours
White
Yellow
Orange
Green
Blue
Brown
Black
Brazilian colours
White
Blue
Yellow
Orange
Green
Purple
Brown
Black
[edit] Europe
For most of Europe and Canada, the belt colours in ascending order
are white, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and finally
black. Some European countries additionally use a red belt to
signify a complete beginner, whereas other European countries such
as the UK use a red belt as the belt one grade above a beginner to
show that the person is a full member of a club.
[edit] Brazil
Brazilian belt rankings use white, blue, yellow, orange, green,
purple, brown and black. A grey belt may be given to very young
judoka (under 11 or 13 years old) just before the blue. Competitors
are organised into two categories depending on grading; the first is
from white to green, and the second is purple through black.
[edit] United States
Only senior players (adults, usually those age 16 and over) are
allowed to earn dan levels, signified by wearing a black belt.
Advanced kyū levels can be earned by both seniors and juniors
(children under the age of about 16) and are signified by wearing
belts of various colors other than black.
Judo kyū belt colors in the United States Japanese
kyū names USJF
Senior USJF
Junior USJA
Senior USJA
Junior USJA Junior
level names
Jūnikyū
Yellow Junior 1st Degree
Jūichikyū
White
Yellow Junior 2nd Degree
Jūkyū
White-
yellow
Orange Junior 3rd Degree
Kūkyū
Yellow
Orange Junior 4th Degree
Hachikyū
Yellow-
orange
Green Junior 5th Degree
Nanakyū
Orange
Green Junior 6th Degree
Rokkyū
White
Orange-
green
Yellow
Blue Junior 7th Degree
Gokyū
Green
Green
Orange
Blue Junior 8th Degree
Yonkyū
Blue
Green-
blue
Green
Purple Junior 9th Degree
Sankyū
Brown
Blue
Brown
Purple Junior 10th Degree
Nikyū
Brown
Blue-
purple
Brown
Brown Junior 11th Degree
Ikkyū
Brown
Purple
Brown
Brown Junior 12th Degree
[edit] Seniors
For senior players, both the United States Judo Federation (USJF)[5]
and The United States Judo Association (USJA)[6] specify four belt
colors for the six kyū, as listed in the table. The USJA also
specifies wearing a patch specifying the practitioner's level. This
is true for both kyū and dan levels.
[edit] Juniors
The USJF Juniors ranking system specifies ranks to 11th kyū (jūichikyū).
The USJA Juniors ranking system specifies twelve levels of kyū rank,
beginning with "Junior 1st Degree" (equivalent to jūnikyū, or 12th
kyū) and ending with "Junior 12th Degree" (equivalent to ikkyū). As
with the senior practitioners, the USJA specifies that juniors wear
a patch specifying their rank.
[edit] Belt pattern choice
Individual dojo (clubs) usually follow the belt pattern of the
organization with which they are most closely associated. The sensei
chooses the belt order for their dojo.
[edit] Advancement in rank
While the rank requirements are specified by each judo
association,[5][6] the sensei ultimately determines all kyū rank
advancement.
Dan advancement is strictly controlled by each judo association. A
nominee for dan grade advancement must demonstrate competence in
specific techniques and, usually, elements of kata. These
requirements vary between the different judo associations.
Nevertheless, the associations mutually recognize each other's dan
grades; thus, for example, a USJF sandan will be recognized by the
USJA as a sandan and vice versa.
[edit] Styles
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan Judo is the most popular and well-known style
of judo,[7] but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were
quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of
judo are still known as jujustu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason,
or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. The main
styles of judo are:
Olympic Judo: This is the most widespread style of judo.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Mitsuyo Maeda introduced judo to Brazil in
1914. At that time, groundfighting was very popular and not yet
limited by the rules of judo. Maeda taught judo to Carlos Gracie
(19021994) and others in Brazil. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu did not follow
later changes in international judo rules, which added emphasis to
the standing phase of the fight, giving it a distinct identity.
Judo-do: In Austria, Julius Fleck and others developed a system of
throwing intended to extend judo that they called Judo-do.
Kawaishi-ryū jujutsu: Teaching in France, Mikonosuke Kawaishi
developed Kawaishi-ryū jujutsu as an alternative approach to
instruction that continued to teach many techniques banned in modern
competition.
Kosen Judo (高專柔道, Kosen Judo?): As a sub-style of Kodokan Judo that
became popularised in early 20th century Japanese inter-scholastic
competition, Kosen style has the same range of techniques but
greater latitude is permitted for ground technique.
Russian Judo: This distinctive style of judo was influenced by Sambo
and is exemplified by well-known coaches such as Alexander
Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and represented by mixed martial arts
fighters such as Igor Zinoviev, Fedor Emelianenko and Karo Parisyan.
In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with
techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into sport judo.
Sambo (martial art): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo
black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to create Sambo from
judo's influence, integrating other combative techniques into his
new system. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937 for
refusing to deny his education in Japanese judo under Kano.
[edit] Sport
Although a fully featured martial art, judo has also developed as a
sport. Judo became an Olympic sport for men in 1964. With the
persistence of an American woman by the name of Rusty Kanokogi and
many others, judo became an Olympic sport for women as well in 1988.
Popular legend has it that the men's judo event in 1964 was a
demonstration event, but according to Michel Brousse, official
researcher and historian for the International Judo Federation, Judo
was in fact an official sport in the 1964 games. Thanks to Dutchman
Anton Geesink who won the gold medal in the All Categories division
defeating Aiko Kaminaga, Japan, judo lost the image of being
"Japanese only" and became an international sport, and the second
most widely practiced sport in the world. The women's event was a
demonstration event in 1988, and became an official medal event 4
years later. Men and women compete separately, although they often
train together. There are currently seven weight divisions, subject
to change by both governing bodies and age:
Men
Under 60 kg 60~66 kg 66~73 kg 73~81 kg 81~90 kg 90~100 kg Over 100
kg
Women
Under 48 kg 48~52 kg 52~57 kg 57~63 kg 63~70 kg 70~78 kg Over 78 kg
Collegiate competition in the United States, especially between UC
Berkeley and San Jose State, contributed towards refining judo into
the sport seen at the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the
1940s Henry Stone and Yosh Uchida, the head coaches at Cal and SJSU,
developed a weight class system for use in the frequent competitions
between the schools. In 1953, Stone and Uchida successfully
petitioned the Amateur Athletic Union to accept judo as a sport,
with their weight class system as an official component. In 1961,
Uchida represented the United States at the International Judo
Federation meetings in Paris, where the IJF adopted weight classes
for all future championships. The IJF was created largely based on
the earlier European Judo Union, where weight classes had also been
used for many years.
[edit] Rules
Main article: Judo rules
Penalties may be given for being inactive during the match, or for
using illegal techniques. Fighting must be stopped if a participant
is outside the designated area on the mat (tatami). If the referee
and judges need to discuss something during groundwork, the referee
will call sonomama (which means "do not move") and both fighters
must stop in the position they are in. When they are done, the
referee says yoshi and the match continues.
All scores and penalties are given by the referee. The judges can
make a decision that changes the score or penalty given by the
referee.
Jun Kim's Martial Arts Center, Sunrise Florida
[edit] Competition scoring
The object in a judo match is to either throw the opponent to the
ground on his back; to pin him to the ground principally on his
back; or to force him to submit to a choke or an armlock. Any of
these score ippon (一本), immediately winning the match.
Judo has four grades of score: ippon, waza-ari, yuko, and koka. An
ippon literally means "one point" and wins the match. An ippon is
awarded for (a) a throw that lands the opponent largely on their
back in a controlled manner with speed and force; (b) for a mat hold
of sufficient duration (thirty seconds); or (c) for opponent
submission. A waza-ari is awarded for a throw that does not quite
have enough power or control to be considered ippon; or for a hold
of twenty seconds. A waza-ari is a half-point, and, if two are
scored, they constitute the full point needed for a win.
Yuko and koka are lower grades of score, and only count as
tie-breakers - they are not cumulative with one another. Scoring is
lexicographic; a waza-ari beats any number of yuko, but a waza-ari
and a yuko beat a waza-ari with no yuko. It is not uncommon for a
match to be decided based on koka.
A fifteen-second pin scores yuko and a ten-second pin scores koka.
If the person who secured the pin already has a waza-ari, they only
need to hold the pin for twenty seconds to score ippon by way of two
waza-ari. Throws further lacking the requirements of an ippon or a
waza-ari might score a yuko or a koka. So-called "skillful
takedowns" are also permitted (e.g. the flying arm-bar) but do not
score.
On the electronic scoreboard, a waza-ari is represented as "100"; a
yuko is represented as "010"; and a koka as "001". An ippon is not
represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon, the
match is immediately terminated. In print, the scores are often
represented like this: 1W2Y2K vs. 1W2Y1K - meaning that the first
player scored one waza-ari, two yukos, and two kokas, beating his
opponent who scored one fewer kokas.
If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is
resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death
situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first
contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during
this period, then the decision is by a majority opinion of the
referee and the two corner judges.
[edit] In competition
Though the literal meaning of judo is "the gentle way", competition
judo is one of the roughest and most demanding of sports. Regulation
time in a World Championship or Olympic match is only five minutes,
but will leave participants exhausted. In the event of a tie, Golden
Score can cause that time to be doubled.
Because competition judo does not contain the kicking and punching
that is common to other martial arts - though advanced kata contains
defences against kicking, punching, and armed techniques - judo is
often portrayed as friendlier than, for instance, karate (although
some forms of karate emphasize the control of character and
aggression.) Proponents believe that this contributes to judo being
underrated as a method of self-defence. In addition, while throws
executed with proper break falls on soft mats can seem light and
graceful, their more practical application on a hard surface (and
potentially with greater intent to harm) could be dangerous. Even in
the controlled environments of a match or dojo training session,
injuries can easily occur due to a lapse in focus or overzealous
application of a technique.
[edit] Mixed martial arts
Using their knowledge in ne-waza/grappling and tachi-waza/standing-grappling,
various accomplished judo practitioners have also competed in mixed
martial arts matches. Fedor Emelianenko, PRIDE Fighting
Championships's current heavyweight champion and consistently ranked
the world's best heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter, has a
background in judo and sambo. Karo Parisyan is a top contender for
the UFC's welterweight championship, and Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou
and Hidehiko Yoshida, an Olympic gold medalist in 1992 and World
Judo Champion in 1999, are also top fighters in PRIDE FC. Other
Olympic gold medalist and world champion judokas such as Pawel
Nastula and Yoon Dong Sik also fight in PRIDE. Undefeated
middleweight championship contender and WEC champion Paulo Filho has
credited judo and jiu-jitsu for his success.[citation needed]It
should be noted that the ability to throw an opponent to his back
and apply a pinning technique is of enormous importance in these
kinds of competitions, as is the ability to finish off a downed
opponent with strikes or a submission hold. Judo, uniquely among
combat sports, puts equal emphasis on the initial throwing and the
final pinning and submitting phases of combat, ideally enabling
practitioners to dominate grappling-fights from the get-go.
[edit] Judo organizations
Main article: List of judo organizations
The international organization of competition sports judo is the
International Judo Federation (IJF).
In the US there are 3 different national organizations. One is USA
Judo Inc. (USJI), which also has state organizations which host
state tournaments and other judo related activities (USA Judo is the
National Governing Body to the United States Olympic Committee). The
other national organizations are the United States Judo Federation (USJF)
and the United States Judo Association (USJA). Each national
organization in the US has its own promotion requirements. USJF and
USJA are founding members of USA Judo with members often having dual
membership.
In Great Britain, the British Judo Association (BJA) is the largest
Judo Association and the only one affiliated to the IJF. Judo clubs
can also be administered by the British Judo Council (BJC), which is
popular in the north of England. Other judo administrations exist,
including the British Judo Council - Martial Arts Circle (BJC-MAC)
and the All England Judo Federation (AEJF).
Although it has no official standing in judo, the International
Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) defines judo as one
of the four main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practised
internationally (the other three being Greco-Roman wrestling,
Freestyle wrestling and Sambo).
[edit] Judoka
See also: List of judoka
A practitioner of judo is traditionally known as a judoka. According
to Nobuo Akiyama and Carol Akiyama's Japanese Grammar, 2nd edition,
"the suffix -ka, when added to a noun, means a person with expertise
or special knowledge on that subject." The term judoka refers to any
practitioner of a judo; no "expertise" as such is necesssarily
implied.
[edit] See also
Look up judo in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Wikimedia Commons has media related
to:
JudoJudo techniques, full list of judo techniques
Judo at the Summer Olympics
Aikido
Hard and soft (martial arts)
The Principle of Ju
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[edit] Footnotes
^ "Jujitsu fell into disuse with the abolition of the feudal system
(1860-1865) and became almost extinct" - 2000 YEARS: Jujitsu and
Kodokan Judo by Dennis Helm
^ Shiai rules
^ a b Introduction of the Blue Judogi. International Judo
Federation.
^ Ohlenkamp, Neil. The Judo Rank System.
^ a b United States Judo Federation Rank Requirements.
^ a b United States Judo Association Rank Requirements.
^ Kano took the name "judo" from Jikishin-ryū Judo, which is an
older school but not really seen outside of Japan.
[edit] Sources
Kano, Jigoro (1994) Kodokan Judo is the standard reference on judo.
ISBN 4-7700-1799-5.
Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006) Judo Unleashed another basic reference on
judo. ISBN 0-0714-7534-6.
[edit] External links
IJF International Judo Federation. The worldwide governing body for
judo
Kodokan Judo Institute - Birthplace of judo
Judo Information Site - Judo Techniques, History, Principles,
Videos, etc.
USA JUDO - US governing body for judo
Ippon.org - Tournament Results
gotjudo.com - Judo On-line Community, Clubs, Forums, News, Events
and Blogs
Jun Kim's Martial Arts Center, Sunrise
Florida
[edit] Videos of judo
throwing techniques(Primarily) - Demonstration of judo techniques
from Kyoto University.
transition into newaza (matwork) - Demonstration of judo techniques
from Oklahoma City.
hundreds of judo clips - Judo videos.
categorised judo clips - Tournaments, champions, olympics etc.
lots of judo clips - from the Judo Information Site
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"
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